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Roman Catholic theology
Roman Catholic theology comprises the teachings of the Catholic Church which bases its conclusions on Scripture, Divine Revelation, and Sacred Tradition, as interpreted by the Magisterium (teaching authority of The Church).〔(CCC 80 )〕 Church belief is encapsulated in the Nicene Creed and the Apostle's Creed, and authoritatively summarized in the ''Catechism of the Catholic Church''.〔Marthaler, ''Introducing the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Traditional Themes and Contemporary Issues'' (1994), Preface〕 Catholic teachings have been refined and clarified by major councils of the Church, convened by popes at important points throughout history.〔McManners, ''Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity'' (2002), pp. 37–38, Chapter 1 The Early Christian Community subsection entitled "Rome", quote: "The 'synod' or, in Latin, 'council' (the modern distinction making a synod something less than a council was unknown in antiquity) became an indispensable way of keeping a common mind, and helped to keep maverick individuals from centrifugal tendencies. During the third century synodal government became so developed that synods used to meet not merely at times of crisis but on a regular basis every year, normally between Easter and Pentecost."〕 The first such council, the Council of Jerusalem was convened by the apostles around the year 50.〔McManners, ''Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity'' (2002), p. 37, Chapter 1 The Early Christian Community subsection entitled "Rome", quote: "In Acts 15 scripture recorded the apostles meeting in synod to reach a common policy about the Gentile mission."〕 The most recent was Vatican II, which was completed in 1965.
The Catholic Church believes that it is guided by the Holy Spirit, and that it is protected from definitively teaching error on matters of faith and morals.〔(CCC 891 )〕 According to the Church, the Holy Spirit reveals God's truth through Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition. Sacred Tradition consists of those beliefs handed down through the church since the time of the Apostles.〔Schreck, ''The Essential Catholic Catechism'' (1997), pp. 16–19〕 Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition are collectively known as the ''deposit of faith''. This is in turn interpreted by the Magisterium, or the teaching authority of the Church. The Magisterium includes those pronouncements of the pope that are considered infallible,〔 as well as the pronouncements of ecumenical councils and those of the college of bishops in union with the pope when they condemn false interpretations of scripture or define truths. The first person to distinct the Roman Catholic theology from the secularism was the Italian protestant Alberico Gentili.〔Schreck, ''The Essential Catholic Catechism'' (1997), p. 30〕
Formal Catholic worship is ordered by means of the liturgy, which is regulated by church authority. The celebration of the Eucharist, one of seven church sacraments, is considered the center of Catholic worship. There are numerous additional forms of personal prayer and devotion including the Rosary, Stations of the Cross, and Eucharistic adoration. The church community consists of the ordained priesthood and diaconate (deacons), the laity, and those like monks and nuns living a consecrated life under rule.
According to the Catechism, Christ instituted seven sacraments and entrusted them to the Church. These are Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, the Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders and Holy Matrimony. They are vehicles through which God's grace is said to flow into all those who receive them with the proper disposition.〔Kreeft, ''Catholic Christianity'' (2001), p. 298〕 The Church encourages individuals to engage in adequate preparation before receiving certain sacraments.〔Mongoven, ''The Prophetic Spirit of Catechesis: How We Share the Fire in Our Hearts'' (2000), p. 68〕
==Profession of Faith==
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